| Introduction: | Thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) phase modulator is a special optoelectronic converter device that was developed internally and demonstrated unparalleled performance. The device is manufactured using advanced coupling and microelectronics processes, achieving high photoelectric conversion efficiency on TFLN. Compared with other commercial crystal(lithium niobate) based modulators, our TFLN version has superior characteristics in half wave voltage, stability, and compact size, significantly improving the key performance of digital optical communication and telecommunications networks, also ideal for coherent communications, sensing, all-optical frequency-shifting, and data encryption applications. |